'Minjok' in the past and the present; And the way to go

The History of ‘Minjok’

  The term ‘Minjok’ first appeared in Gato Hiroyuki’s translation of Bluntschli’s book “Allgemeines Staatsrecht”. Hiroyuki used it to refer to the concept of nation (Huang and Liang). However this term ‘Minjok’ was not frequently used in Japan and this term does not appear in the first Japanese dictionary ‘Genkai(言海) which was published in 1889 (Bae). This term was also found in the Korean peninsula but the term was concurrently used to refer to both the nation and the people (Paik). However, the frequency of the appearance of this vocabulary dramatically increased around 1907 when Korea had its independence threatened by Japan. ‘Hwang-Sung News’(황성신문) used the word ‘Minjok’ in articles which provoked a social movement against Japanese imperialism (Hwang-Sung News). The term ‘Minjok’ was used to

The Concept of 'Minjok' was a great tool to unify the
people against Japanese Imperialism.

bond the people and to stand up together to overcome the political hardship. As Korea became subjugated by Japan for more than three decades the term ‘Minjok’ was repeatedly used as a form of anti-Japanese propaganda. Shin Chae-Ho also used the word ‘Minjok’ in his editorial, “20^th Century’s New People” in which he emphasized the importance of the ‘Minjok’ as a subject of construction of new nation and struggle against Japan (Shin). To the people at the time, ‘Minjok’ had to achieve independence and autonomy through continuous endeavors.

Government Formation Ceremony, August 15th, 1948.
Consciousness of 'Minjok' prevailed that of state,
South Korean government was established though. 

  Even after Korea became independent in 1945, the concept ‘Minjok’ continued to roam in the political arena. The right used the term to distinguish themselves from the communists and to gain political authority as the ruling power of the new government by emphasizing their authenticity. Such movement led to the perception that the communists were anti-Minjok and such understanding strengthened the democratization of the Republic of Korea. The fact that ‘Minjok’ is still used despite the division between the two Koreas is very interesting. Especially in North Korea, following the Inter-Korean Summits, ‘Minjok’ was used to describe the reunification. The two Koreas see their reunification as a goal of one ‘Minjok’ rather than a merge of two separate nations with different political ideologies. From this, one could see that historically, the term ‘Minjok’ had different political functions in the Korean society.

Minjok – within Korea

  For a long time, ‘Minjok’ referred to an aggregate of people united by the same history as descendants of ‘Dangun’ sharing the same culture and singular language. However due to globalization and a large influx of foreigners, multiculturalism has become a common trend in modern Korean society. According to the Ministry of Security and Public Administration, the estimated percentage of foreigners living in Korea is 2.8%, 1,445,631 people as of January, 2013 (Ministry of Safety and Administration). Including the number of illegal workers staying in Korea without visa the portion of foreigners constituting the population of Korea will become even larger. Korea is no longer a homogeneous country and the aforementioned concept of ‘Minjok’ can no longer apply.

 

Increasing number of children from multicultural families.

  Some phenomena that can be seen in the “multiculturalized” Korean society would be the multicultural families and the social attitude toward foreign workers. The rapid industrialization in Korea during 20^th century led to acute urbanization which resulted in an exodus of young generation from rural to urban areas. Those who were left in rural areas experienced unbalanced gender ratio, and they had no option but to find foreign women mainly from South East Asian countries to get married with. This was how multicultural families have become a prevalent phenomenon in today’s society. Korea Development Institute(KDI) reported that the population of people with multicultural background will continue to rise, reaching 5% of Korean population by 2050 (Choi). Another big portion of foreigners in Korea is constituted of international workers. Most of them are blue-collared laborers who take up certain gaps in the Korean employment market which are less favored by most Koreans due to low wages and dangerous working environment.

  These “newcomers” to the Korean society have to face harsh treatment due to their differences. Statistics show that these foreigners experienced difficulties mainly due to the language barrier and discrimination (Ministry of Gender Equality and Family). The bullying against the rising young generation of the multicultural families is prevalent, not only because they look different but also just because their parents are foreigners. Some people argue that the foreign laborers affect negatively toward the Korean economy, because these international workers send their income overseas to their home countries and because there is a relatively

Jasime Lee who was a panel of the program "Love in
Asia" became a member of the National Assembly first
as a naturalized foreigner.

high unemployment rate in the Korean society. These arguments sound unrealistic and obstinate but these skewed perceptions toward multicultural families and foreign laborers are based on xenophobic belief in one ‘Minjok’. As part of the governmental endeavors to enhance the public perception toward the multicultural portion of the Korean population, since 2005, Government-run Korea Broadcasting System(KBS) has been broadcasting “Love in Asia”, a talk show hosted by international immigrants living in Korea (KBS). The program was hailed by many viewers for portraying realistic aspects of multicultural families in Korea and helping the viewers take a positive stance towards the multicultural families.

The Two Koreas – One Minjok

In this summit, chiefs of two Koreas talked that two
Koreas should reunify only by Korean 'Minjok'.

  Going back to the definition of ‘Minjok’, an aggregate of people united by the same history as descendants of ‘Dangun’ sharing the same culture and singular language, a big question would be if North Korea belongs to the same ‘Minjok’ that Koreans define themselves as. Looking at the entire history of Korea, the period of division between the two Koreas has been very short. If the aforementioned definition of ‘Minjok’ with the same history, culture and language is true, then there will be no doubt in placing the two Koreas in the boundary of one ‘Minjok’. This all began with the Korean War, the clash between two political ideologies. The Korean war is most often described by Koreans as ‘Dong Jok Sang Jan(同族相殘)’, meaning fratricidal war. The second Chinese letter is identical to the character used in the word ‘Minjok(民族)’, meaning family by blood, sharing identical ancestor. However, because the current status of South and North Koreas is so starkly different, the two Koreas may be interpreted as two different, separate ‘Minjok’.

  South Korea is one of the largest economies in the world, and is a supreme model of political and economic developments in a relatively short period of time. The United States at the forefront of democracy and capitalism has been the biggest supporter of the development of Korea. However, the other half of the Korean peninsula experiences economic hardship and human right infringements. The North Korean society is the most isolated and secluded one in the entire world. Its Stalinistic communist regime based on one party dictatorship resulted in economic failures. It is difficult to think of the two Koreas on two extreme political and economic ends belonging to an identical ‘Minjok’. However both Korean governments set the reunification as the ultimate goal that needs to be achieved on the Korean peninsula. This shows that, regardless of the political and economic differences, the two Koreas see themselves as one. ‘Minjok’ acts as a factor binding two Koreas together, aiming at an identical goal.

The Way Ahead – How Korea should utilize the concept of ‘Minjok’

US and Korea, an inseparable relationship

  The Republic of Korea cannot be described without citing the United States. The ROK-US alliance is often described as the strongest in the world, and the political, economic, social and cultural influence across the Pacific Ocean shaped today’s Korea. The US is quite different from other nations in many ways. One of the most noticeable characteristics can be represented by the expression ‘melting pot’. Throughout its history, spanning over two centuries, immigrants with their American Dream from different parts of the world gathered together, creating a melting pot of cultures, languages and histories. What today’s US boasts as its strongest advantage – diversity – was not achieved overnight. The US society underwent several stages of transformation. The US also had periods of time when its people were hurt by racial prejudice and segregation. However, because the society matured over time, the US has become what it is today. Every American regardless of his or her background or ethnicity sees him/herself as American.

  Korea can learn from its alliance. In order to create a society which fully appreciates the presence of “newcomers”, Korea needs to take time. Even though the immigrant workers and multicultural families have so far experienced prejudice and difficulties, there is no doubt to the fact that it will be better for the next generations. ‘Minjok’ as an identical ethnic group no longer applies in the diverse Korean society.

Many people think that the reunification of two Koreas is an ultimate goal. 

  However, in order to achieve the goal of reunification, the concept of ‘Minjok’ should play a pivotal role in binding the two Koreas. The only way the two Koreas, separated by stark political and economic differences, can achieve peaceful reunification is through the emphasis on being one ‘Minjok’. During the history of Korea when the term ‘Minjok’ was widely used, its political and social functions changed and developed continuously. In order for Korea to achieve true globalization through creating multicultural society, exclusive definition of ‘Minjok’ should be shed away, while a more inclusive use of the word should be applied to bring the two Koreas together. Korea should be able to sensibly apply the concept of ‘Minjok’ kaleidoscopically in different cases, as it had in the past.

Works Cited

Huang, Philip C; Liang, Ch’i-chao. Modern Chinese Liberalism. Seattle: University of Washington, 1972.

Bae, Jin-Young. ‘Minjok’- How It Was Created and Is Being Used. Seoul: Monthly Choson.

Paik, Dong-Hyun. Appearance of the Term ‘Minjok’ around Russo-Japanese War and Its Awareness. Seoul: Korean History Periodical, 2001.

Singohaehangdongpo. Seoul: Hwang Sung News. Apr 10 1908.

Shin, Chae-Ho. 20^th Century's New People. Seoul: Daehan Maeil News. Mar 3 1910.

Ministry of Safety and Administration. “2013 Foreign Resident Status.” July 3 2013 <http://www.mospa.go.kr/gpms/ns/mogaha/user/userlayout/bulletin/userBtView.action?userBtBean.bbsSeq=1023919&userBtBean.ctxCd=1012&userBtBean.ctxType=21010002&currentPage=1>

Choi, Kyung-Soo. Medium-and Long-term Effects of Immigrant or Foreign Labor Force Entering the Domestic Labor Market, Seoul: Korea Development Institute.

Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. Nationwide Multicultural Family Status Report. 2009.

Korea Broadcasting System. Love in Asia. <http://www.kbs.co.kr/1tv/sisa/loveasia/
index.html>

New Century with New Technologies

 Thirteen years has already passed away since this new century started. After the beginning of this new century and new millennium, there might be a lot of changes in many ways. However, among all, the change that can be felt in our bone the most would be the development of information and communication technologies.

First, the rapid popularization of computer and internet changed the world completely in every aspect of human lives. Internet technology made human lives free of physical obstacles in communication such as time and distance. Now we can mail to the cousin living in Paris from Seoul in a second, while it took a few month by ship in the previous century. No matter how far the distance between two places is, they can interact in no time because the whole world is connected by the light-speed internet. It means that the internet is a great catalyst of globalization. Therefore, in other words, globalization has been accelerated a lot by the internet since 21^st century had begun and internet makes the age of globalization come true.

 There’s another significant change in terms of way of communication: cellular phones. Even a score of years ago, nobody expected that we would be able to talk to the friend far away while walking on the street. Of course, there sure was a telephone but it’s not the thing to use outdoor; it was available only in a house or public phone booth, except for a car phone which was limitedly used. Cell phone brought us a big change in terms of basic life pattern. Simply thinking, I can cancel the appointment with my friend, just ten minutes before the appointed time. People of the 20^th century would never imagine that kind of situation. There was no way to contact the friend when they were already at the appointed place. So they just had to ensure. In my humble opinion, this means more than the fact that cell phones made the world comfortable. However, it is one side of our attitude toward human relationships. I think that the development of technology made us negligent about human relationships and other human values like trust and promise. This ‘alienation’ (that Marx used) caused by technology is making the world arid.

Lastly, I cannot skip this great invention, smart phones. This can be described as a kind of combination of the two inventions above. It is not just a cellphone but a device that can connect to the internet at the same time. Even though it seems very simple, it made bigger utilities than the combination of that of the two above ─ we call it a ‘synergy effect’ ─ by letting us be connected to the extremely wide virtual web anywhere. To be connected to the internet anywhere is not just a single surprise. This means the idea of ‘Ubiquitous’, the Latin word that has a meaning of ‘anywhere, whenever’, which appeared in 1991 of late 20^th century. Finally, after about twenty years, a simple concept of ubiquitous computing is materialized. Now, we can turn on and off a bathroom light at work, or check where a meat loaf is from at a butcher. This will bring us whole different life from the floor.

I’m sure that the development of technology is the driving force of most changes in this new century. Moreover, those changes would be the one of the biggest event through the all human history. They’re not all and it will continuously develop more and more. I am pretty excited to expect what kind of new technology is waiting for us. I hope that I can be a contributor in the development of next technology.

Your Culture, My Culture

 Before writing, I confess that unfortunately I already have read about Nacirema before on the internet and known about it, thus I was not so shocked or surprised. Reading my in-class, I just clarified the truth of Nacirema there. For that reason, I will focus on how it could affect the way you view or interact with people from different cultural backgrounds, even though Mr. Menard told us to primarily focus on the moment of realization when you knew what the piece actually was.

Reading the article named Body Ritual among the Nacirema, I’m sure that most of the students thought about how the customs of this tribe called Nacirema are weird, and so did I when I first met it. However, there was no tribe such as Nacirema, but it was just a form of wordplay by spelling ‘American’ backward. This means, in a different point of view from us, anything we think that is very natural can be seen weird. In other words, some other cultures we think that is weird can be natural and reasonable enough in the position of the members belong to that culture. This is the main idea of cultural relativism. In cultural relativism, culture is not something that can be understood by someone outside of that culture. It never is understood because culture is formed by so many kinds of environments of the society. Therefore a person who was born and lived in different environments is impossible to understand that culture.

This interesting and weird document about Nacirema suggest us a great example of why cultural relativism is needed. Experiencing this ‘gestalt shift’ which is a word used when the object is same but the cognition of people is changed, anyone might be surprised pretty a lot. I emphasize again that no culture is natural to anyone and we cannot understand the other cultures. Hence, the only thing we can do is to respect. To respect other cultures can be said that it is the key point of cultural relativism. By the article, I hope that everybody is motivated enough to respect other cultures.

Are We Stupid?

“We could have saved ourselves, but we didn’t.”

 This sentence represents the main theme of the movie very well. Video clips that watched by the archivist are reflections of us, people in the early of 21th century. This documentary film make us remind how we are intensifying the problems of climate change, and our action in front of those horrible consequences of what we did. It also suggest us to ask ourselves that why we are staying doing nothing in the middle of

Click it!

Stories in a frame

 The first thing that I was interested about this film is its expressive technique. This film, interestingly differing from most of documentaries which deliver information directly, is consist of two parts. In the fictional part, the world is ravaged by catastrophic climate change. Therefore the archivist of the archive which is saving the all kind of knowledge of humanity, review the records from back, the time when we could stop the catastrophe. The other part, the factual part is those records, the videos of six stories. This construction came fresh to me. It totally breaks the unwritten law of documentaries and makes viewers get more interested and tend to concentrate more on the film. Furthermore, I can say that it uses ethos and also pathos since this concept stimulate reader’s senses of guilt by showing the abysmal future caused by the mankind of present. This seems like a rahmennovelle, or frame-story, but it sure is a whole new approach when it comes to a documentary. Thus I want to praise a lot this film in the side of organization.

 However its message, on the other hand, was not persuasive enough with regarding to logos. Right after saying this, the archivist subsequently says,

“It’s amazing. What state of mind were we in, to face extinction and simply shrug it off?”

 And this movie generally seems that blaming the science technology. Like in case of Al Duvernay, it sounds like the movie is saying that the oil industry is bad itself. But I have a doubt about that we are really doing nothing and just shrugging off and it’s really the technology which should be blamed.Many people thinks that we should stop developing technologies or at least we should slow down it in order to save the environment(like this). Though, I think that, oppositely, to develop the technology is better for saving the environment. I’m not saying that we had better not care about environmental issues. The point is that comparing the two cases, to develop and not to develop, the environment of the former case would be better.

Wind, Sunlight, Water, Bio

 There are of course some bases of this argument. First, now the technology is being developed more eco-friendly. As seen in the video above, in the near future, the amount of pollution that can be reduced by the technology might be bigger than that caused by the technology. This is the point. Several Alternative energies, such as sunlight energy, bio energy, wave energy, hydrogen energy, wind energy, are the epitomes of it. 

No good, no bad

 Second, the science or the technology cannot be blamed because of the value neutrality. The technology itself cannot be determined as good or bad, but it is only when it’s used that we can make a value judgment. We don’t blame a gun when a murder shoot people but we blame him. It’s just a same logic.

 According to the reasons I wrote above, I finally reached at this conclusion. It’s not true that we doing nothing but awareness of common people are somehow wrong. So the only way to make the situation better even a bit, is to be cognizant of the importance of the problems and regulate and control the people who use the technology not the technology itself.

Speech Script

Good morning everyone! I know all of you are sleepy and so do I. But I just hope you enjoy my speech for a while. Now, I’m gonna talk you about my dream. I mean, not something like the job that I want to get in the future but the dream that I dreamed few month ago. It was in my grandparent’s house, and on one day during the last summer vacation that I dreamed it. That day, I played all day with my cousins and a dog in the backyard, so I fell asleep very quickly. Having a deep sleep, experienced quite strange dream.

In the beginning of my dream, I was going back to home after school with my friend. I said good-bye to my friend in front of my house and opened the door. Even until then, I could not find something different from typical days. So I called my mom as I used to do, but unexpectedly my dad responded. I was surprised because my dad supposed to be at the office at that time so I asked why he was there and where’s mom. But he just smiled and answered that “Why it’s so strange? Mom would come soon.” So I just agreed and sat on the sofa to watch television. Few minutes later, my mom came out from the bed room and I called her pleasantly. Of course there’s something wrong because my dad said that mom “would come” soon, but in dreams people totally loss their judgment. And, few minutes later again, the door opened and my mom came into the house. I turned my head and blinked my eyes few times but there distinctly was two moms in the house. Oh my goodness. What happened! Only then I felt all the situations were weird. Anyway, I tried to have a composure and discriminate who’s real. After a pondering of few seconds, I reached the conclusion that the one who were in the bed room was genuine. Of course there no reasonable proof, and it’s just by my intuition since it’s just a dream that did not have rationality. So then I started to fight with the fake. I punched rapidly, one two one two jap jap. But I could not hit the fake and it had much more acute punch. I was hit few times and thought about how it is possible to punch that accurately. And finally I found a sheet of paper in its hand. It was a trignometric table full of numbers. So I guessed carefully that it was calculating all the orbits and power, etc using that table. I suddenly caught and ripped the paper to abash it. And succeed! It was flustered and could do nothing! Thus, I made a final attack with heavy hook. Bang! Then I opened my eyes and found myself punched my dad. As I said a while ago, I was in my grandparents’ house, and since there’s no extra bed for us, my family was sleeping on the mattress spread on the floor. However, fortunately dad did not wake up then and I put my head under the blanket quietly. He just said “I don’t know why my chin is aching” next morning. I just smiled silently and it is only me who knows the truth.
Thank you for listening my gibberish and have a nice day.

Personal Narrative : Chatterbox

If someone asks about me, most of my close friends will answer that I’m very talkative. It’s not a tendency of just these days, but I was called as a chatterbox from a long time ago. When I was just about five or six, before I go to the elementary school, I just loved to talk anytime and anywhere. Every person I met cherished me because I was very talkative and active. Yes. It is just very cute if a young kid is non-stop talking. So it was like the most important characteristic of mine.

But in the elementary school, it was quite a different situation. Teachers didn’t like me that much, because of the same reason that I was cherished before I went to school. Now I just guess that it might be very annoying for those teachers in my elementary school. So I was just a noisy annoying boy. There were many episodes that happened because I was extra-talkative. If I just introduce one, there was the time that my seat was very next to the teacher’s desk and isolated from the other classmates. It happened when I was in a third grade. My homeroom teacher sent me there because I chat so much during the class. Actually most of the topics that I talk were relevant to the lecture, but teacher thought that I was just making some noise. Anyway, it is just a small piece of example, and I was totally called as a chatterbox through the whole elementary school time.

Then, I went to the middle school. Middle school, it was a lot better place to live for me. Different from the elementary school, the classes were not only a one-sided lecture but also with some presentations or discussions. Furthermore, even my words spoken during the class time were recognized as an attempt to share opinions to intensify the knowledge I have. Still, it’s right that sometimes I seemed noisy but overall evaluation about me was significantly more positive than before. After school, I used to talk with my friend while going home. We sometimes stop the steps along the street and stay there about an hour talking or discussing. The topic of our conversations and discussions were various. I remember the day we talked about gods and religions. Somebody would say could it be fun to talk about such a boring topic, but it sure was. It was just so exciting to share my opinions and how I think. I think, this kind of stuffs helped me a lot improve my logic and thoughts.

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My Goal

I want to improve my total English skill through writing various types of essays. Frankly speaking, I don't have a lot of experience of writing and my width of vocabulary is quite narrow. I'm sure that my English skills can be improve a lot by having this class.

Late self-introduction

My name is Yoo Joo-Hyun, and my English name is Albert.
I don't really care about how I am called, but it would be better to be called as Albert at just in the English class.
Anyway, if I excuse why I was late to write this self-introduction, I just didn't know!
I don't have any memory that I was heard to write this kind of stuff, during the class times.
I saw a while ago, that almost all of my friends wrote this on their blogs, so now I am writing it.

Simply speaking about my dream, I am a communist who want to be a roboticist to realize an ideal communism society by robots.
I think there might be more chances to talk about my dream, therefore for this time, I'll just briefly explain about my ideal society.
In this society, robots work and people enjoy. The word 'enjoy' might not be exactly correct but I mean we don't have a necessity to work. People can do anything they want to do. It is a liberation from the labor that has been a ball and chain for all mankind. It would be the greatest revolution ever in the history of mankind. More innovative than the industrial revolution, more preposterous than the neolithic revolution.

Nextly, about me, myself, hmm.. I don't have lot of thing to say, but I can say that I'm not a kind of model students who is very diligent and like to study all night.
I just love to sleep all day long, and... and...
Yeah, just let us know each other during the classes and school days :-)